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Latest explainers
View allThe Briefing
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Before You Give an AI Agent Access to Your Inbox
Reading mail and sending it are different permissions. Start with the job you actually want done.

10 People Shaping Fintech
Ten people whose work helps explain where payments, digital banking and financial infrastructure are going.

What Happens After You Tap Your Card?
The terminal's approval is one step in a longer journey from a payment request to settled funds.
AI
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Embeddings Explained: Meaning as Coordinates
How text becomes a vector, how semantic search ranks neighbors, and why similarity still needs evaluation.

Content Credentials Explained: What a C2PA Label Proves
What a signed C2PA record on an image or video contains, what valid and trusted mean, and what it cannot prove.

Prompt Injection Explained: When an AI Tool Obeys a Stranger
How text in an email, page or file can redirect an AI tool, and which controls limit the damage.
Payments & Fintech
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Authorization Hold Explained: Pending Card Charges
Why a card authorization hold reduces available funds, how it becomes a final charge and what reversals do.

PCI SAQ Types: Which Self-Assessment a Merchant Fills In
Which PCI self-assessment questionnaire fits each way of taking cards, and how checkout design sets SAQ A or A-EP.

Debit Card Routing: Why US Debit Cards Carry Two Networks
The US two-network debit rule, what card networks may not restrict, and the Regulation II fee cap.
Crypto & Web3
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The Mempool Explained: Where a Crypto Transaction Waits
Why a sent transaction can sit unconfirmed, who decides the order, and how fee bumps and expiry rules work.

Crypto Gas Fees Explained: Work, Price and the Final Bill
Read Ethereum fees by separating gas used, price per gas and the final execution charge.

Blockchain Bridge Explained: Assets, Proofs and Risk
Follow a cross-chain transfer from its source transaction to the asset received on the destination chain.
Apps & Software
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Device Code Flow Explained: Why a TV Shows a URL and Code
Why TVs show a URL and short code, how OAuth approval works and which phishing check matters.

Staged Rollout Explained: Why an App Update Reaches You Days Later
A release announcement and your device's update are different events. Staged rollouts explain the gap.

What to Do If Your Password Manager Is Breached
Password manager breach response: secure email, rotate key credentials, revoke sessions, and avoid phishing.
Tech & Internet
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SSL Certificate Expired: What Breaks and How to Prevent It
Why an expired SSL/TLS certificate breaks a site, how revocation differs and why renewal now has to be automated.

Chrome Origin Trials: How to Test Browser Features Safely
How trial tokens enable experimental browser features, and how to keep a usable fallback.

What Is a CDN? How Edge Caching Works
How a CDN uses edge caches, origins and TTLs—and what it cannot fix.
Startups & Ventures
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Convertible Note vs SAFE: Interest, Maturity and Conversion
A note is a loan that can become shares; a SAFE promises shares later. What interest and a maturity date change.

Tender Offers for Employees: Shares, Limits and Cash
Check eligible shares, sale limits and deductions before treating an employee offer as cash.

Down Round Explained: Price, Dilution and Options
See how a lower share price changes ownership, investor rights and employee options.
